Math Facts Essay - 1881 Words

â€Å"Memorizing math facts is the most important step to understanding math. Math facts are the building blocks to all other math concepts and memorizing makes them readily available† (EHow Contributor, 2011). To clarify, a math fact is basic base-10 calculation of single digit numbers. Examples of basic math facts include addition and multiplication problems such as 1 + 1, 4 + 5, 3 x 5 and their opposites, 2 – 1, 9 – 4, 15/5(Marques, 2010 and Yermish, 2011). Typically, these facts are memorized at grade levels deemed appropriate to a student’s readiness – usually second or third grade for addition and subtraction and fourth grade for multiplication and division. If a child can say the answer to a math fact problem within a couple of†¦show more content†¦In the 1990’s, math curriculum reforms were introduced which replaced rote memorization with what is referred to as integrative math teaching. â€Å"This involves teaching many different concepts at the same time instead of sequentially, and using manipulatives in place of numbers to illustrate mathematical concepts long after number sense should have been mastered† (Groves, 2011). This switch in theory, caused serious controversy among mathematicians and math educators. If children have not yet mastered basic math facts, how can they be expected to master advanced concepts? Researchers believe that it is just too much too soon for young children (Groves, 2011). Tom Loveless says â€Å"Youngsters who have not mastered whole number arithmetic by the end of 4th grade are at risk of later becoming remedial students in mathematics.† Furthermore, he â€Å"urges that every student in the nation should receive a thorough grounding in arithmetic† (Loveless, 2011). The push to master facts by a certain age and prior to moving on to more complex math is most controversial with parents and teachers of gifted students. These students are often thought to be bored by simple, basic math concepts. Although â€Å"some of the very highest areas of math do not require automaticity of basic math facts, they do require automaticity of the skills that fall somewhere in between them and single-digit addition, and that those skills are very difficult to master and to automatize when theShow MoreRelatedBasic Math Facts On Math2643 Words   |  11 PagesMichalczuk‟s (2007) understood basic math facts to be an important skill for students to succeed in math. Michalczuk (2007) generalized students who could answer single-digit, 0 – 9, multiplication problems (2 times 3, or 5 times 7, etc.) â€Å"Within three seconds will do well at math and those that answer in less than one second will do excellent at math† (p. 1). Perso (2007) has defined the â€Å"looking back-to-basics† as a need to teach and focus on the basic arithmetic skills needed as a skill for higherRead MoreDifferences Between Facts And Theories Of Math And History Essay1074 Words   |  5 PagesDifferences in the Relationship between Facts and Theories: Math and History Theories have been defines as integrated set of concepts formed into propositions that explain different phenomena or events (Schneider 2), while facts as thing that is undisputed as the case or corresponds to the truth (Mellor 110). Both facts and theories are used to generate knowledge that can be applied in verse situations. However, the relationship between facts and theories differs between different areas of knowledgeRead MoreThe Golden Age Of Islamic Thought And Its Cultural Impact On Europe852 Words   |  4 Pageson Europe, Europeans denied this fact, their invents, thoughts, and ideas even being seemingly relevant all while their society was highly influenced by said denied facts. The historians and philosophers from Europe have denied Islam the credit that it really deserves for the development of modern culture. One thing that is stupidly ignored is their impact on mathematics. In today’s modern word there is more math than you could ever imagine, very difficult math at that. None of this would have trulyRead MoreHow Can Math Facts Help Solve Real World Word Problems? Essay993 Words   |  4 PagesTeacher: Loupe Title: I Can Add Doubles! Subject: Math Grade Level: 1st Grade Date: October 5th, 2016 Standard: 1.0A.6 Add and subtract within 20, demonstrating fluency for addition and subtraction within 10.Use strategies such as counting on; making ten (e.g., 8+6=8+2+4=14); decomposing a number leading to a ten (e.g.13-4=13-3-1=10-1=9): using the relationship between addition and subtraction (e.g., knowing that 8+4=12, one knows 12-8=4); and creating equivalent but easier or known sums (e.g., addingRead MoreThe Myth Of Im Bad At Math898 Words   |  4 Pagesfinished calculus before they apply to college with intent to prove that they can handle higher level classes. http://qz.com/139453/theres-one-key-difference-between-kids-who-excel-at-math-and-those-who-dont/ Intelligence is Malleable http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2013/10/the-myth-of-im-bad-at-math/280914/ Purdue University psychologist Patricia Linehan writes: A body of research on conceptions of ability has shown two orientations toward ability. Students with an Incremental orientationRead MoreHow Does The Student s Affect His Or Her Learning And / Or Behavior?765 Words   |  4 Pagessingle direction question about a math problem; however, if the problem is asking him to set- up a multi-digit mathematical problem. He tends to have a more difficult time setting up mathematical problem with the correct math operation.One of (K) many strengths is his ability to read with fluency. He always will to help his fellow classmates on math problems that are easy for him to solve. His academic strength lies in math, even though, he struggles with higher math functions/problems. (K) has beenRead MoreDeveloping Fluency Requires A Balance And Connection Between Conceptual Understanding And Computation Proficiency941 Words   |  4 Pages SanGiovanni (2013) noted there are no â€Å"tricks† in math and the understanding math makes it easier (p. 6). Setting up opportunities for students to discover rules or generalizations allows them to exercise reasoning skills as they are making sense of math concepts. Once students understand the process of multiplication they are ready to focus on the number patterns and relationships that will help them internalize the basic multiplication facts. They should spend much of their time exploring patternsRead MoreI Am A Middle School Special Education Teacher1340 Words   |  6 Pagesgive specialized math instruction to two sixth grade classes, two seventh grade classes, and two eighth grade classes. The majority of my students perform between a kindergarten and second grade level. The exhibited math achievement gap across my classes is disturbing. Even though my students are identified as special needs, they should have made gains to their ability levels by middle school. Math skills are necessary skills. Math is everywhere. Students need to learn basic math skills, at minimumRead MoreMath, Education And Learning893 Words   |  4 PagesMath, Education Learning As an art enthusiast and a student majoring in Design, I can truly relate to the ideas being presented in the assigned videos and readings. Lockhart’s Lament was especially eye opening in my opinion; the theory behind it and they way the author delivers his thoughts fascinates me the most. As a result, I was compelled to finish reading it. I love art, and I feel privileged to be inspired to pursue it. There is not much complication in art unlike math. Art is transparentRead MoreThe Importance Of Instruction For Students With Or Without Disabilities1106 Words   |  5 Pages Goddard, 2010). In math, many students with disabilities struggle with declarative knowledge (math facts fluency), procedural knowledge (algorithms steps) and conceptual knowledge (math reasoning precision) (Hasselbring, Lott Zydney, 2006). A good understanding of all the aspects of math knowledge for solving higher order math equations (Hasselbring, Lott Zydney, 2006). To correctly calculate math problems, students need to recall basic math facts, execute math formulas strategies

Societal Marketing The Marketing Strategy - 1606 Words

Societal marketing The societal marketing of a product is the value that exists in the minds of the consumers. This value represents the value that the consumers feel should be that of the brand based on their previous experience with the brand or the opinions that they gathered from the market about that particular brand. The societal marketing is built over time as consumers start to build expectations about the usage, durability and other attributes of the brand. It is also built through market opinion as consumers begin to learn about the brand from other consumers who have had previous experience with the brand. Companies can increase the societal marketing of their brands by deploying different marketing strategies that work for†¦show more content†¦They are not aware of the production process and the cost of raw materials and other related costs. They only build a feeling about the worth of the product. Therefore, the societal marketing of a brand can differ significantly from the real value of that brand. It can either be higher or lower. The consumers might be willing to a higher price for a brand that they feel is worth more even though its actual cost might be lower. In such cases the company is able to charge more than the normal price because of its high perception value.On the other hand, the consumers might be willing to pay less because of their low value even though the brand’s actual cost might be high. In such cases the company is forced to lower its price since the consumers won’t purchase the brand at a higher price. Societal marketing is both multi-dimensional and complex in nature and since is very difficult to measure in a precise way. It represents the interaction between the product and consumer. Furthermore, it is personal, comparative, preferential, perceptual, situational, and cognitive-affective in nature (Raquel and à ngeles, 2007). Societal marketing is important in consumer behavior and marketing for a number of reasons. In a competitive environment, companies attempt to create value for the consumers better than their competitors. They want to make sure that the consumers acquire their brand and receive better value relative to the brand’s

People who influenced rizal Free Essays

When Racial was a young boy he would always spend time with his older brother, Pacing. He learned so many things from his brother. Pacing made a great impact on Racal’s life. We will write a custom essay sample on People who influenced rizal or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a child, Racial had so many interest, he was into painting, sculpting, reading, writing and many more. He grew up in a family that is exposed to books and there he learned to love reading and writing. One of the most important person that contributed to Racal’s being was his mother, Deodorant Alonso. During the time of Racal’s mother, it was very unlikely for a woman to reach college level, but she was able to reach college and was an expert in mathematics. Jose Racial learned from his mother about the ways of life and on being a good citizen to his country. There would be no Jose Racial if it was not for Deodorant Alonso. Because of Racal’s intelligence, he was sent to Banyan, a more advanced city in Laguna, and later on went to Atone Municipal nag Manila for advanced learning. There were parts of Jose Racal’s novels that was inspired by incidents that happened in Racal’s time. One incident that led Jose Racial to write about Isis in one of his novels was the incident that happened to his mother. Deodorant Alonso was accused of poisoning her sister-in-law and was punished without any proof. And another Incident that was told to Jose Racial by his brother was the execution of the SOMBRERO, an acronym denoting the surnames of the priests that was executed. How to cite People who influenced rizal, Essays

Managing The Occupational Health And Safety -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Managing The Occupational Health And Safety? Answer: Introducation In a committee meeting goals for WHs procedures has to be highlighted. In auditing of WHS procedure relative to changes made in the last year, there can be various flaws highlighted. Teams within the organization will be asked to brainstorm ideas relative to any new implementation or improvement procedures that can be adopted for any possible lag areas. There have been other brainstorming ideas such as re-designing of the WHs procedures and policies existing within the operations (Quinlan 2010). While the suggestion might be lucrative, it would involve immense number of challenges to do away with the entire existing procedure all at once. Moreover this process does not hints at improvements rather it aims at reframing the entire process altogether. As per latest WHS policies and procedures existing, all areas within the purview of WHS policies will be overviewed. Then recommendations in every specific areas will be applied such that any possible gaps can easily be rectified. Discuss each recommendation and: Identify the best improvement for each procedure Write the name of the person who made the recommendation, write the recommendation Briefly write in your own words why this procedure was recommended over any others listed in the brainstorming session. Best improvements for each procedure is impossible to achieve at the current stage. Only recommended course of action following gaps in identified procedures can be undertaken. In order to improve procedures relative to WHS policies record keeping, documentation, implementation, evaluation and monitoring has to be adopted(Leggat 2011). A step by step will be the best practices adopted that can allow meeting objectives at the auditing procedures. Chris Bradshaw has recommended the practices for overcoming challenges faced within various departments relative to WHS policies. His recommendations were aimed at reducing current and on-going hazards in the workplace and improve overall processes. The organization did not earlier document procedures related to WHS, which can be a great challenged faced while auditing. While auditing in the organization, auditors will like to look at current documented procedures, then only improvements accommodated can be understood. In absence of WHS policies and procedures documents, there can be issues concerning compliance faced in those procedures. Earlier all standards, policies and procedures used to be orally said. But latest procedure of documentation will allow better monitoring of performance procedures with respect to WHS policy procedures. Monitoring and evaluation using KPI (Key Performance Indicator) scores will allow reviewing of standards in an easy manner. It will also allow to pr operly evaluate procedures pertaining to current state of affairs. There can be tallying of such policies with documented procedures that would enhance effectiveness of WHS procedures. In other recommendations obtained at brainstorming procedures documentation was not advised. Rather all suggestions appeared vague in front of this current recommendation. Through documentation, the organization could easily map its developmental progress in case of WHS procedures and policy. Moreover, such records can easily be referenced in case of need regarding any requirement pertaining to cases of injury. The organization will be easily able to produce such documents in courts of law in case any employee or outside agencies marketing falsified claims. In absence of documentation, the organization will face immense challenges and difficulties in resolving cases related to WHS or in settling any sort of claims. All proceedings will flow against the organization and in favor of the other party. Therefore, this recommendation appeared to be the most effective amongst all others brainstorming ideas obtained during the course of the meeting. If no recommendation for improvement is recommended, explain why. There have been a lot of recommendations that has been suggested at improving current state of affairs. All improvements hints at making significant changes to procedures currently followed at the organization. Reference List Leggat, S. G., Bartram, T., Stanton, P. (2011). High performance work systems: the gap between policy and practice in health care reform.Journal of health organization and management,25(3), 281-297. Quinlan, M., Bohle, P., Lamm, F. (2010).Managing occupational healthcare and safety. Palgrave Macmillan.

P.Shyam Sundar 11G Essays - Treaty Of Versailles,

P.Shyam Sundar11G The Treaty of Versailles - Source Based Questions a) Many historians have viewed the Treaty of Versailles in varied contexts. Some historians support the German claim that the treaty was extremely harsh towards them while others seem to acknowledge the fact that the Treaty was anything but damaging to the Germans, as the Second World War seems to prove. But the most important aspect to focus on in the answering of this question is the concept of nationalism. Source C is a quotation found in a secondary source in the form of an extract from a speech made by a German MP in 1919. The claim of "inflicting the deepest wounds on us Germans" seems to be supported by Source B. Sources D and E, however, do not share the same viewpoint as the German MP in Source C. The peace treaty that marks the end of any Great War is almost always dictated by the victors; the Treaty of Versailles was no different. Georges Clemenceau of France, Llyod George of Britain and Woodrow Wilson of the USA were the three major players. Clemenceau wanted a harsh Treaty that would cripple Germany both economically and militarily so that she would never be a threat to France again, this aim of his is clearly represented in Clause 160 of Source B. But 100,000 men and 6 battle ships was a mere trifle compared to the extensive armies and rapidly developing technology that the super powers of those days possessed. Germany was left with nothing to defend herself with in case of invasion. Furthermore, the blame for starting the war and all the consequences thereof were fixed on Germany (Article 231). This in many senses was extremely unfair, as all the powers had played a role in the start of the First World War. Woodrow Wilson's 14 points were totally overshadowed by Clemenceau who succeeded in imposing his aims on the Treaty. Therefore I believe that Source B does adequately support the claim made in Source C. However, Sources D and E take a completely opposite viewpoint in comparison to Source B. The writers, imminent historians, argue that the Treaty in actual fact did nothing to diminish German power in any way. As the author of Source E notes: "The Treaty of Versailles was not excessively harsh on Germany, either territorially or economically." Humiliation is always a major part of defeat and defeat was not something that the Germans hoped to conceive in World War 1. They believed that they had to win and dictate terms. The Treaty of Versailles that resulted from their defeat also brought immense humiliation and that strong sense of nationalistic pride. After all, the Treaty was being signed in the very hall that had witnessed the defeat of France in 1871 at the hands of Prussia. This actual defeat that the Treaty of Versailles imposed upon them angered the Germans more than the actual terms of the Treaty. The historian in Source C aptly concludes: "However, the German people were expe cting victory and not defeat. It was the acknowledgement of defeat as much as the treaty terms themselves, which they found so hard to accept." b) The views expressed in Sources C, D and E are very much different. One must take into account several different factors that combine to produce this discrepancy. Firstly, the authors of Sources D and E are historians and possess something that the German MP in Source C doesn't and that is hindsight. They have had the opportunity to study the First World War and the Treaty of Versailles in retrospect and have examined the effects on Germany. They have studied the revival of the German economy and the Second World War. Therefore they are in a better position to judge whether or not the Treaty of Versailles was a crippling blow to Germany. The politician in Source C on the other hand is talking on the spur of the moment. The Treaty of Versailles might have been close to completion and the Treaty terms might have seemed a devastating conclusion. The very vision of impending collapse brought on by the treaty might have caused him to lash out in the way that he

Proposal essays

Proposal essays First year students at the University of Dayton are at a disadvantage because they are unable to have vehicles due to little parking space. This could be fixed, making all happy, by supplying a parking lot for first year students. I am rather qualified in this area for I have done research on the topic and I am also a first year student at the university, so I know how it affects students first hand. Unfortunately, it wont be a fast process to get this accomplished, for it will have to go through the school board committee and so on. Currently the university is also looking at several other big projects as well, such as building new and renovating old dormitories and building a new music building and/or practice field for the band. This also is a rather expensive project as well, but I feel it is well worth it for it will help the students affected greatly. It is figured that this project will cost approximately $38, 920. Currently, first year students at the University of Dayton are unable to bring cars with them to the campus. This can put those students at a great disadvantage in many ways. Yes, it will help keep the students on the campus, well some of them, but I think if we were allowed to have a car on campus, we could adjust a little bit better to the new life or environment we have here. It makes it very difficult for those students to get jobs off campus due to the fact that they dont have a way to get to work unless they catch the bus or have someone that is willing to take them, which isnt always sufficient. I have researched the subject to discover what has to be done to get a project such as this accomplished here at the university. First and foremost I found out how many first year students were enrolled at the University of Dayton. Next I found out how many of those first year students were living in campus housing a ...

Human and Animal Cloning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human and Animal Cloning - Essay Example The first thought of cloning and human cloning came about when the first Scottish scientist cloned a sheep named, 'Dolly' (Human Genome Project Information 2004). However, there were theorizations that the cloning of the sheep was beyond logical realms of ethics and even though it brought about worldwide interest, complications also arose. It is widely recognized how often science will go to bring about new changes and within the area of cloning there are a myriad of beliefs and opinions that claim the use of this science goes against the normal balance of nature. For example: science clones a sheep and takes another step beyond that to actually contemplating cloning a human being. Too many people of religious stature, cloning is just morally wrong but scientists refuse to listen, always reiterating what they have always stated. The ideas that are formed through science and the discoveries stemming from those ideas are always done with the best interest of human kind in utmost consid eration. That is well and good but the development of nuclear technology and other weaponry also stated the same type of mental way of thinking and it has cost many lives in the process.

The Environment and Human Health Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Environment and Human Health - Coursework Example The deaths due to lung cancer in China have increased by 82 percent during the last 5 years and the high increase in emissions from the vehicles is accounted for this increase in deaths due to cancer. Child births with mental and physical disorders have increased by 12.6 percent during the last 5 years and this is due to the increase in the lead content in air which is inhaled by pregnant women and affects the growth of the children. Other indirect effects of pollution due to vehicle emissions on Chinese population include chronic depression which has caused more than a million deaths during the last year (National Research Council & Chinese Academy of Science, 2010). Environmental Impact of Tire Discard The environmental impacts of tires are very wide ranged, from the unaesthetic view of large piles of tires to the hazardous gases and chemicals which issue out into the environment due to the burning of tires, moreover tires dumped without proper arrangements and without following en vironmental safety practices can serve as excellent place for mosquitoes to form there colonies. In addition to the natural and synthetic rubber, tires contain a wide variety of chemicals which are toxic in nature which include sulfurs, paraffins, carbon black, oil, polymers, pigments and bead or belt materials. These chemicals when reach ground water contaminate it resulting in disastrous impacts on human health. Tires contain a large quantity of heavy metals which are potential pollutants and can be responsible for leaching of toxins into the groundwater when they are buried in earth during recycling and disposal. The use of such water for drinking purposes causes various health disorders including eye, lungs and liver diseases. Moreover when tires are disposed off in landfills, the toxic gases and fumes coming out of the tires tend to rise up which destroys the landfill covers. The air and heat retaining ability of tires makes them highly inflammable material when stacked in open because they easily catch fire and the result is toxic smoke and runoff of toxic oil along with heavy metals and soot in the residue (Eyrer, 2010) Air Pollution Control in Beijing for Olympics Air pollution control in Beijing is a very complex subject area because it involves a number of different parameters which include reduction of air pollution in urban area, citywide and regional ecological improvement and agricultural and industrial structure adjustment. In order to minimize air pollution in Beijing prior to the start of the Olympics games Beijing started shifting towards the use of cleaner energy instead of using coal as a source for electricity generation which include solar, geothermal and wind energy. The coal burner in the Gaojing Power Plant was closed and natural gas replaced coal as fuel for the power plant for which additional transmission line for natural gas was built. Moreover the coal which was allowed to be used in the urban areas was very high quality coal with very low sulfur content. In addition to the emission control from coal, steps were also taken to minimize the pollution due to vehicles. These steps included the development of public transport system, banning of all the vehicles which do not comply with 2nd stage emission control (equivalent to Euro II) by 2003, and enforcement of 3rd stage

Information Technology for Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Information Technology for Managers - Essay Example Also Microsoft Inc. sells the Xbox video game console, along with games and peripherals. Its online businesses include the MSN subscription and the MSN network of Internet products and services. The companys seven product segments are: Client, Server and Tools, Information Worker, Microsoft Business Solutions, MSN, Mobile and Embedded Devices and Home and Entertainment. (John 1; Reuters 7) Headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA, its most popular products are the Microsoft Windows operating system and the Microsoft Office suite of productivity software, each of which has achieved near-ubiquity in the desktop computer market. Microsoft possesses footholds in other markets, with assets such as the MSNBC cable television network, the MSN Internet portal, and the Microsoft Encarta multimedia encyclopaedia. The company also markets both computer hardware products such as the Microsoft mouse as well as home entertainment products such as the Xbox, Xbox 360 and MSN TV. (Wikipedia 8) The website of Microsoft Inc. declares that the company values integrity, honesty, openness, personal excellence, constructive self-criticism, continual self-improvement, and mutual respect. The website states that they are committed to their customers and partners and have a passion for technology. The company takes on big challenges, and pride itself on seeing them through. Also the website declares that staff of Microsoft Inc. hold themselves accountable to their customers, shareholders, partners, and employees by honouring their commitments, providing results, and striving for the highest quality. (Microsoft 5) Stating proper goals and objectives is extremely important for the company. Founder of Microsoft Bill Gates writes that identifying the primary, focused objective of any process is the way to begin solving process problems. Whether for production processes or internal business processes, the goal should always be a fundamental kind of simplification.

Attachment Theory Young Children And Their Families Social Work Essay

Attachment Theory Young Children And Their Families Social Work Essay Attachment theory derives from psychoanalyic psychology, however it is used in social work to attempt to understand behaviour in infancy and childhood to show the way in which children develop emotionally (WALKER 2009) This theory centres on the idea that children need to form secure relationships with other people, such as parents or guardians, as it is a significant contributer to their emotional development. Social bonds and relationships that are made in early childhood are believed to influence an individuals life and can impact upon their well-being to determine their emotional and social stability later in life. Consequently, attachment is seen as an integral component within infants and young childrens lives, as these experiences can shape a persons personality and identity in future years. (WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD 2010). If these experiences of attachment are negative, and the child does not develop adequate relationships with their caregivers, then this can have detremental consequences on their psychological and emotional development. (WALKER, J 2009). The Attachment theory originates from the ideas of John Bowlby who believes that humans are biological predispositioned to seek attachment from others. He proposes that survival is closely related to the ability to possess emotional bonds with other individuals (GREEN 2003). This is because by forming an attachment with an authority figure who is seen as the stronger of the species, this reduces the vulnerability of the individual as it provides increased security and protection from harm posed by potential predators (BOWLBY 1958, cited in LISHMAN 2007). The theory looks at the way that attachment relationships are formed, and the reasons behind their manifestation. Children are seen to form these relationships for reasons such as safety, comfort and to provide guidence. These attachment behaviours, according to learning theorists, are displayed in infancy through talking, laughing and crying. This enables them to persue their basic needs for survival, such as food for nurishment, by their attachment to their mother who is able to support them in fulfilling their needs (WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD 2010). This initial attachment to caregivers also guides the individuals thoughts, feelings and expectations as they become aware of peoples responses towards them which help them recognise how to behave (WALKER 2009). There are four assumptions of Bowlbys attachment theory which attempt to explain his beliefs. The first, is that infants and young children develop emotional ties with individuals early in life, which acts as a biological function and plays an integral part to their survival. The second assumption is that the way a child is treated early in life has a major contributing factor to their future relationships and the way their personality is formed. The third assumption is that attachment behaviour can form an internal working model which guide the childs thoughts, feelings and expectations as a result of the reactions of others towards their behaviour. The final assumption of Bowlbys attachment theory is that although it is difficult to alter attachment behaviour, it is not impossible, thereofre there is the possibility of alteration at any point in life, both in a positive and negative way (GREEN 2003). Although infants and young children are able to have more than one attachment figure, they are still affected when they are exposed to seperation from their primary attachment figure. This can happen for many reasons, such as a child being removed from a family home and placed into care, or perhaps death. This can be a very distressing and confusing time for a child as they are unsure of who to turn to for security and protection. This is evident in social work practice in instances where an abused child wants to remain with its parents, even though it is not a stable or supportive attachment (LISHMAN 2006). Bowlby proposed that children who have experienced seperation from their main attachment figure will suffer in a process involving protest, dispair and detachment, in an attempt to overcome their loss (BOWLBY 1958, cited in LISHMAN 2006). However, although Bowlby provided an important contribution to the idea of attachment, his research can be criticised in many ways. This is because Bowlby tends to focus his ideas on one primary figure of attachment, often the mother, when it is possible for children to form attachments with other people within their lives such as their father. Also, developing relationships with other people alongside the attachment figure is also important, this is because having to rely on the caregiving relationship of one person can be detrimental due to the fact it often results in dependency and does not allow other relationships to be formed with others, which can the hinder the social and emotional development of the child (WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD 2010). According to Lishman (2007), the attachment theory believes that when a child is stressed or afraid, they exhibit particular behaviour and emotions which can be perceived as attachment. This is because they seek protection from harm through the help and security of an adult who they see as stronger than themselves. This is closly linked to two types of behavioural systems: the exploratory behavioural system and the fear behavioural system. The exploratory behavioural system is based of the belief that when an infant or young child feels comfortable and safe, the attachment behaviour remains dormant and therefore the child will be willing to explore the people around them and their surroundings. However, if a child feels threatened or vulnerable, the fear behavioural system will become active, where the child will no longer seek exploration and instead they will seek protection from their attachment figure and exhibit behaviour related to that attachment. However, the behaviour that they display is not intended to provoke affection from the attachment figure, instead it is to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“regain a state of equilibriumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (p59). This means that infants and young children are not dependent upon the caregiving nature of the attachment figure, instead their aim is to diminish their fears. There is a classification of attachment patterns which identifies four different types of attachment, which attempts to enanble professionals to assess young childrens behaviour and emotions (secure, ambivalent, avoident and disorganised). Secure attachment is based of the belief that children depend upon their caregiver as a base for exploration. The caregiver is available to the child and responds to the childs needs, therefore the child behaves in a positive manner. Ambivalent attachment looks at how children are unwilling to explore their surroundings as the caregiver is not consistent in their support. This can leave the child distressed, clingy and dependent. The third category is avoident patterns of attachment, and features an unresponsive caregiver, therefore the child feels rejected and they view themelves as dependent whilst actively avoiding or ignoring the caregivers presence. And finally, disorganised attachment is where children are fearful of their caregivers, and the y themselves may feel confused or depressed. This type of attachment is most often seen in children who have suffered abuse (HOWE 2001, cited in LISHMAN 2007). How a critical understanding of Attachment Theory can contribute to Social Work Practice. Social workers are seen to have three roles to play when working within an attachment perspective: assessment, planning and direct work with children, parents and carers. Assessment looks at areas within attachment such as the needs of a child, the parenting that they receive, their emotional and behavioural development and the relationships which they have formed. There are also tests created specifically for measuring attachment, such as Ainsworths stranger test which provide an indication of the pattern and quality of their attachments. The second role, planning, looks at how planning for new attachments when placing children with new families needs to be approached carefully. This is because they need finding the most suitable parenting figures where new attachments can be made. The third role is direct work with children, parents and carers. This is because direct contact and communication is necessary to achieve the best possible outcome when working with children and families. For example, when a child has been removed from their home and is being placed with new carers, direct work can provide support to the child to prepare them for change. It can also be useful with the adoptive or foster family to provide guidence and support towards what to expect and to help with any problems they face (LISHMAN 2007) Attachment theory has been used within social work practice as the basis for many child care policies. This is because the idea of a infant or child being attached to their family, which can influence their development in many ways, has been used as the basis for many legislation (LISHMAN 2007). For example, Sure Start Childrens Centres have been introduced in response to the importancy of family support to enable them to build and maintain positive family relationships (LAMING REPORT 2009, cited in BRAMMER 2010). Attachment theory had also contributed to policies such as shared parental responsibility, as it has emhasised the need for emotional and social relationships with caregivers, whilst also suggesting possible consequences to a childs development and the negative impact later in life if these needs were not met effectively. (LISHMAN 2007). Attachment theory also provides guidence to enable social workers to judge the quality of a relationship between a child and its parents. This can enable them to gain an understanding of at what point, if at any, intervention is necessary as it gives them the ability to evaluate the attachment that is present within the relationship. The attachment theory also gives a more comprehensive understanding of the loss experienced by an infant or child when they lose their main attachment figure. This means that people working within social work practice are aware of the common and typical behaviours of a child who is going through this process and can therefore support them to overcome it. A further way the attachment theory is used to benefit social work practice is that as it is known that attachment figures are necessary for children to develop adequately, individuals such as adoptive parents can be taught to exhibit behaviour which will encourage new attachmentment from the child which is needed for personal growth (WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD 2010). However , care needs to be taken when placing a child with a new family as to prevent a repeating loss of attachment figures which can cause them to blame themeselves and produce feelings of worthlessness. This can mean ensuring that the child is appropriatly prepared and ready to form new bonds of attachment and that the new carers of the child receive sufficient support within their role. (LISHMAN 2007). Attachment theory can also be linked to the way in which a mother bonds with her new born baby. However, these early bonds are not solely restricted to mothers, it is also possible for fathers. Although, this bond is typically formed within the first few hours after birth as the mother and baby connect both physically and emotionally. The initial bond that is made is thought to have a significant effect on their future relationship as it is the beginning of their attachment. This knowledge enables social workers to support mothers who are particularly vulnerable to poor parenting, although this is only effective if the support continues throughout the first few months after the baby is born.. However, it is important to note that just because a mother fails to achieve an initial bond with her baby, this does not mean that abuse is inevitable. How are issues of diversity relevant to human growth, behaviour and development? GREEN, V. 2003. Emotional development in Psychoanalysis, Attachment Theory and Neuroscience: Creating Connections. East Sussex: Brunner-Routledge LISHMAN, J. 2007. Handbook for Practice and Learning in Social Work and Social Care: Knowledge and Theory. London: Jessica Kingsley WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD. 2010. Social Work and Human Development. Exeter: Learning Matters WALKER, J. 2008. Studying for Your Social Work Degree. Exeter: Learning Matters BRAMMER, 2010. Social Work Law. London: Longman

Television and Media Essay - TV Violence and the V-Chip :: Media Argumentative Persuasive Argument

TV Violence and the V-Chip America has the highest crime rate in the world. Along with that crime rate is also the substantially high violence rate. Why is violence becoming and everyday event in our society? When you flip on the "tele" and tune into the news, the highlight of every show is somehow directly related or connected to violence. We see it every evening and perhaps say "Oh my gosh, how terrible." and then forget all about it two minutes later. Or perhaps we don't even make any comments at all, just a simple grunt or "..huh..". This numbness to violence is very scary and very real. Why is it then that America has the most crime and violence. Why not Switzerland or Australia. Are we not as civilized and advanced as they? I believe it is this numbness to violence that has made America so violent. When I think back to my childhood and remember television I remember watching such programs as "Sesame Street", "Mr. Rogers", and "Scooby - Doo". I have nothing but pleasant memories filled with happiness, peace, understanding, and learning. When you watch children's programs today you see senseless violence often as the first means of solving a problem. The classic view of "good" versus "evil" is the basis of these shows with violence as the answer. When children watch these programs they copy the actions and "morals" of these shows depicting "good" and "evil". Children do not know what "good" is or what "evil" is, how can they? This world is not broken into "good" and "evil". "Evil" to children is what opposes them, what does not agree with them, or any other person or thing that poses a possible difficulty. Children must be taught that there are differences in this world. This world is filled with many people holding different beliefs, ideas, and morals. That is what makes this world so unique and colorful. Children need to learn to respect these differences from a very young age. They need to learn to talk out and solve any disagreements or problems through other means than violence. They must not "know" violence as an answer, as if violence was never even an option to consider in solving a problem. I recently became aware of the problem of violence in children when I started observing small children at play at my apartment complex. I had known one small child in particular when he was just learning to speak. I had watched him and talked with him for several years and noticed nothing "violent" nor